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Herbs & Supplements

Allium sativum
Scientific Name: Garlic
Other Names: Allium, Rustic Treacle, Stinking Rose

References

Abdullah T, Kirkpatrick DV, Williams L, Carter J. Garlic as an antimicrobial and immune modulator in AIDS. (abstract no. Th.B.P.304) Proceedings of the International Conference on AIDS. 1989;5:466.

Abebe W. Herbal medications: potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2002;27(6):391-401.

Abdullah TH, Kandil O, Elkadi A, Carter J. Garlic revisited: therapeutic for the major diseases of our times? Journal of the National Medical Association. 1988;80(4):439-445.

Ackermann RT, Mulrow CD, Ramirez G, Gardner CD, Morbidoni L, Lawrence VA. Garlic shows promise for improving some cardiovascular risk factors. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001;161(6):813-824.

Agarwal MK, Iqbal M, Athar M. Garlic oil ameliorates ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)-induced damage and tumor promotion: implications for cancer prevention. Food Chemistry and Toxicology. 2007;45(9):1634-1640.

Aggarwal A, Ades PA. Interactions of herbal remedies with prescription cardiovascular medications. Coronary Artery Diseases. 2001;12(7):581-584.

Ahmad MS, Ahmed N. Antiglycation properties of aged garlic extract: possible role in prevention of diabetic complications. Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(3 Suppl):796S-799S.

Alder R, Lookinland S, Berry JA, Williams M. A systematic review of the effectiveness of garlic as an anti-hyperlipidemic agent. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2003;15(3):120-129.

Ali BH. Agents ameliorating or augmenting experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity: some recent research. Food Chemistry and Toxicology. 2003;41(11):1447-1452.

Allison GL, Lowe GM, Rahman K. Aged garlic extract and its constituents inhibit platelet aggregation through multiple mechanisms. Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(3 Suppl):782S-788S.

Al-Qattan KK, Khan I, Alnaqeeb MA, Ali M. Mechanism of garlic (Allium sativum) induced reduction of hypertension in 2K-1C rats: a possible mediation of Na/H exchanger isoform-1. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 2003;69(4):217-222.

Alvarez MS, Jacobs S, Jiang SB, Brancaccio RR, Soter NA, Cohen DE. Photocontact allergy to diallyl disulfide. American Journal of Contact Dermatitis. 2003;14(3):161-165.

Al-Waili NS, Saloom KY, Akmal M, et al. Effects of heating, storage, and ultraviolet exposure on antimicrobial activity of garlic juice. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2007;10(1):208-212.

Ameen M, Musthapa MS, Abidi P, Ahmad I, Rahman Q. Garlic attenuates chrysotile-mediated pulmonary toxicity in rats by altering the phase I and phase II drug metabolizing enzyme system. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Toxicology. 2003;17(6):366-371.

Anibarro B, Fontela JL, De La Hoz F. Occupational asthma induced by garlic dust. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997;100(6 Pt 1):734-738.

Anim-Nyame N, Sooranna SR, Johnson MR, Gamble J, Steer PJ. Garlic supplementation increases peripheral blood flow: a role for interleukin-6? Journal of Nutrition and Biochemistry. 2004;15(1):30-36.

Anon. Garlic. In: DerMarderosian A, Beutler JA, eds. Facts and Comparisons: The Review of Natural Products. St. Louis, MO, Facts and Comparisons. October 2001.

Anwar MM, Meki AR. Oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: effects of garlic oil and melatonin. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology. 2003.135(4):539-547.

Argento A, Tiraferri E, Marzaloni M. Oral anticoagulants and medicinal plants. An emerging interaction. [article in Italian]. Annals of Italian Internal Medicine. 2000;15(2):139-143.

Arora RC, Arora S, Gupta RK. The long-term use of garlic in ischemic heart disease -- an appraisal. Atherosclerosis. 1981;40(2):175-179.

Auer W, Eiber A, Hertkorn E, et al. Hypertension and hyperlipidaemia [sic]: garlic helps in mild cases. British Journal of Clinical Practice. Supplement. 1990;69:3-6.

Bakri IM, Douglas CW. Inhibitory effect of garlic extract on oral bacteria. Archives of Oral Biology. 2005;50(7):645-651.

Balasenthil S, Rao KS, Nagini S. Altered cytokeratin expression during chemoprevention of hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis by S-allylcysteine. Polish Journal of Pharmacology. 2003;55(5):793-798.

Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Endothelium-dependent and -independent effect of aqueous extract of garlic on vascular reactivity on diabetic rats. Fitoterapia. 2003;74(7-8):630-637.

Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. Garlic extract attenuates time-dependent changes in the reactivity of isolated aorta in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Life Sciences. 2003;73(18):2281-2289.

Baruchin AM, Sagi A, Yoffe B, Ronen M. Garlic burns. Burns. 2001;27(7):781-782.

Beckert BW, Concannon MJ, Henry SL, Smith DS, Puckett CL. The effect of herbal medicines on platelet function: an in vivo experiment and review of the literature. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2007;120(7):2044-2050.

Berthold HK, Sudhop T, von Bergmann K. Effect of a garlic oil preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998;279(23):1900-1902.

Bhattacharyya M, Girish GV, Karmohapatra SK, Samad SA, Sinha AK. Systemic production of IFN-alpha by garlic (Allium sativum) in humans. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research. 2007;27(5):377-382.

Bordia A, Bansal HC, Arora SK, Singh SV. Effect of the essential oils of garlic and onion on alimentary hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis. 1975;21(1):15-19.

Borek C. Antioxidant health effects of aged garlic extract. Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131(Suppl 3):1010S-1015S.

Borek C. Garlic reduces dementia and heart-disease risk. Journal of Nutrition. 2006 Mar;136(3 Suppl):810S-812S.

Borrelli F, Capasso R, Izzo AA. Garlic (Allium sativum L.): adverse effects and drug interactions in humans. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 2007;51(11):1386-1397.

Budoff M. Aged garlic extract retards progression of coronary artery calcification. Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(3 Suppl):741S-744S.

Chan KC, Yin MC, Chao WJ. Effect of diallyl trisulfide-rich garlic oil on blood coagulation and plasma activity of anticoagulation factors in rats. Food Chemistry and Toxicology. 2007;45(3):502-507.

Chang HS, Yamato O, Sakai Y, Yamasaki M, Maede Y. Acceleration of superoxide generation in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and inhibition of platelet aggregation by alk(en)yl thiosulfates derived from onion and garlic in dogs and humans. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 2004;70(1):77-83.

Chaudhuri BN, Mukherjee SK, Mongia SS, Chakravarty SK. Hypolipidemic effect of garlic and thyroid function. Biomedica Biochimica Acta. 1984;43(7):1045-1047.

Chauhan NB, Sandoval J. Amelioration of early cognitive deficits by aged garlic extract in Alzheimer's transgenic mice. Phytotherapy Research. 2007;21(7):629-640.

Chetty KN, Calahan L, Harris KC, Dorsey W, Hill D, Chetty S, Jain SK. Garlic attenuates hypercholesterolemic risk factors in olive oil fed rats and high cholesterol fed rats. Pathophysiology. 2003;9(3):127-132.

Chowdhury R, Dutta A, Chaudhuri SR, Sharma N, Giri AK, Chaudhuri K. In vitro and in vivo reduction of sodium arsenite induced toxicity by aqueous garlic extract. Food Chemistry and Toxicology. 2008;46(2):740-751.

Chuah SC, Moore PK, Zhu YZ. S-allylcysteine mediates cardioprotection in an acute myocardial infarction rat model via a hydrogen sulfide-mediated pathway. American Journal of Physiology and Heart Circulatory Physiology. 2007;293(5):H2693-H2701.

Chung JG, Lu HF, Yeh CC, Cheng KC, Lin SS, Lee JH. Inhibition of N-acetyltransferase activity and gene expression in human colon cancer cell lines by diallyl sulfide. Food Chemistry and Toxicology. 2004;42(2):201-208.

Consumer Labs. Product review: Garlic supplements. 2002. Available at: http://www.consumerlab.com/results/garlic.asp. Accessed March 25, 2004.

Cox MC, Low J, Lee J, et al. Influence of garlic (Allium sativum) on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel. Clinical Cancer Research. 2006;12(15):4636-4640.

Dausch JG, Nixon DW. Garlic: a review of its relationship to malignant disease. Preventive Medicine. 1990;19(3):346-361.

Dhawan V, Jain S. Garlic supplementation prevents oxidative DNA damage in essential hypertension. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2005;275(1-2):85-94.

Dillon SA, Burmi RS, Lowe GM, Billington D, Rahman K. Antioxidant properties of aged garlic extract: an in vitro study incorporating human low density lipoprotein. Life Sciences. 2003;72(14):1583-1594.

Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. A prospective cohort study on the relationship between onion and leek consumption, garlic supplement use and the risk of colorectal carcinoma in The Netherlands. Carcinogenesis. 1996;17(3):477-484.

Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. A prospective cohort study on Allium vegetable consumption, garlic supplement use, and the risk of lung carcinoma in The Netherlands. Cancer Research. 1994;54(23):6148-6153.

Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. Allium vegetable consumption, garlic supplement intake, and female breast carcinoma incidence. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 1995;33(2):163-170.

Durak I, Cetin R, Candir O, Devrim E, Kilicoglu B, Avci A. Black grape and garlic extracts protect against cyclosporine a nephrotoxicity. Immunology Investigations. 2007;36(1):105-114.

Eja ME, Asikong BE, Abriba C, Arikpo GE, Anwan EE, Enyi-Idoh KH. A comparative assessment of the antimicrobial effects of garlic (Allium sativum) and antibiotics on diarrheagenic organisms. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2007;38(2):343-348.

El-Bayoumy K, Sinha R, Pinto JT, Rivlin RS. Cancer chemoprevention by garlic and garlic-containing sulfur and selenium compounds. Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(3 Suppl):864S-869S.

Elkayam A, Mirelman D, Peleg E, et al. The effects of allicin on weight in fructose-induced hyperinsulinemic, hyperlipidemic, hypertensive rats. American Journal of Hypertension. 2003;16(12):1053-1056.

El Shenawy NS, Soliman MF, Reyad SI. The effect of antioxidant properties of aqueous garlic extract and Nigella sativa as anti-schistosomiasis agents in mice. Review of the Institute for Tropical Medicine Sao Paulo. 2008;50(1):29-36.

Ernst E. Cardiovascular effects of garlic (Allium sativum): a review. Pharmacotherapeutica. 1987;5(2):83-89.

Fani MM, Kohanteb J, Dayaghi M. Inhibitory activity of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on multidrug-resistant Streptococcus mutans. Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry. 2007;25(4):164-168.

Fleischauer AT, Arab L. Garlic and cancer: a critical review of the epidemiologic literature. Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131(Suppl 3):1032S-1040S.

Fleischauer AT, Poole C, Arab L. Garlic consumption and cancer prevention: meta-analyses of colorectal and stomach cancers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000;72(4):1047-1052.

Fugh-Berman A. Herbs and dietary supplements in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Preventive Cardiology. 2000;3(1):24-32.

Gadkari JV, Joshi VD. Effect of ingestion of raw garlic on serum cholesterol level, clotting time and fibrinolytic activity in normal subjects. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1991;37(3):128-131.

Galeone C, Pelucchi C, Talamini R, et al. Onion and garlic intake and the odds of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology. 2007;70(4):672-676.

Gao CM, Takezaki T, Ding JH, Li MS, Tajima K. Protective effect of allium vegetables against both esophageal and stomach cancer: a simultaneous cross-referent study of a high-epidemic area in Jiangsu Province, China. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research. 1999;90(6):614-621.

Gapter LA, Yuin OZ, Ng KY. S-Allylcysteine reduces breast tumor cell adhesion and invasion. Biochemistry and Biophysics Research Communications. 2008;367(2):446-451.

Gardner CD, Chatterjee LM, Carkson JJ. The effect of a garlic preparation on plasma lipid levels in moderately hypercholesterolemic adults. Atherosclerosis. 2001;154(1):213-220.

Gardner CD, Lawson LD, Block E, et al. Effect of raw garlic vs commercial garlic supplements on plasma lipid concentrations in adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia: a randomized clinical trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007;167(4):346-353.

Gardner CD, Messina M, Lawson LD, Farquhar JW. Soy, garlic, and ginkgo biloba: their potential role in cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 2003;5(6):468-475.

Gonen A, Harats D, Rabinkov A, et al. The antiatherogenic effect of allicin: possible mode of action. Pathobiology. 2005;72(6):325-334.

Gorinstein S, Jastrzebski Z, Namiesnik J, Leontowicz H, Leontowicz M, Trakhtenberg S. The atherosclerotic heart disease and protecting properties of garlic: contemporary data. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 2007;51(11):1365-1381.

Green M, Thomas R, Gued L, Sadrud-Din S. Inhibition of DES-induced DNA adducts by diallyl sulfide: implications in liver cancer prevention. Oncology Reports. 2003;10(3):767-771.

Grieve M. Garlic. In: A Modern Herbal. New York: Dover Publishers, 1971. Available at: http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/mgmh.html Posted 1995. Accessed December 19, 2002.

Groppo FC, Ramacciato JC, Motta RH, Ferraresi PM, Sartoratto A. Antimicrobial activity of garlic against oral streptococci. International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 2007;5(2):109-115.

Groppo FC, Ramacciato JC, Simoes RP, Florio FM, Sartoratto A. Antimicrobial activity of garlic, tea tree oil, and chlorhexidine against oral microorganisms. International Dental Journal. 2002;52(6):433-437.

Gupta VB, Rao KS. Anti-amyloidogenic activity of S-allyl-L-cysteine and its activity to destabilize Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils in vitro. Neuroscience Letters. 2007;429(2-3):75-80.

Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. Clinical assessment of effects of botanical supplementation on cytochrome P450 phenotypes in the elderly: St John's wort, garlic oil, Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba. Drugs and Aging. 2005;22(6):525-239.

Hammami I, Nahdi A, Mauduit C, et al. Crude garlic (allium sativum) feeding has inhibitory effects on adult male reproductive functions. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2008;10(4):593-601.

Groppo FC, Ramacciato JC, Simoes RP, Florio FM, Sartoratto A. Antimicrobial activity of garlic, tea tree oil, and chlorhexidine against oral microorganisms. International Dental Journal. 2002;52(6):433-437.

Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. Clinical assessment of effects of botanical supplementation on cytochrome P450 phenotypes in the elderly: St John's wort, garlic oil, Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba. Drugs and Aging. 2005;22(6):525-239.

Harenberg J, Giese C, Zimmermann R. Effect of dried garlic on blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet aggregation and serum cholesterol levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis. 1988;74(3):247-249.

Harris JC, Cottrell SL, Plummer S, Lloyd D. Antimicrobial properties of Allium sativa (garlic). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2001;57(3):282-286.

Harauma A, Moriguchi T. Aged garlic extract improves blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats more safely than raw garlic. Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(3 Suppl):769S-773S.

Hassan ZM, Yaraee R, Zare N, et al. Immunomodulatory affect of R10 fraction of garlic extract on natural killer activity. International Immunopharmacology. 2003;3(10-11):1483-1489.

Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. American Journal of Health-Systems Pharmacists. 2000;57(13):1221-1227.

Herman-Antosiewicz A, Powolny AA, Singh SV. Molecular targets of cancer chemoprevention by garlic-derived organosulfides. Acta Pharmacologica Sineca. 2007;28(9):1355-1364.

Holden W, Joseph J, Williamson L. Use of herbal remedies and

potential drug interactions in rheumatology outpatients. [Letter] Annals of Rheumatic Diseases. 2005;64(5):790.

Hoshino T, Kashimoto N, Kasuga S. Effects of garlic preparations on the gastrointestinal mucosa. Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131(Suppl 3):1109S-1113S.

Hosseini M, Shafiee SM, Baluchnejadmojarad T. Garlic extract reduces serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in nondiabetic and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Pathophysiology. 2007;14(2):109-112.

Howard EW, Lee DT, Chiu YT, Chua CW, Wang X, Wong YC. Evidence of a novel docetaxel sensitizer, garlic-derived S-allylmercaptocysteine, as a treatment option for hormone refractory prostate cancer. International Journal of Cancer. 2008;122(9):1941-1948.

Hu Z, Yang X, Ho PC, et al. Herb-drug interactions: a literature review. Drugs. 2005;65(9):1239-1282.

Ide N, Keller C, Weiss N. Aged garlic extract inhibits homocysteine-induced CD36 expression and foam cell formation in human macrophages. Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(3 Suppl):755S-758S.

Ioannides C. Pharmacokinetic interactions between herbal remedies and medicinal drugs. Xenobiotica. 2002;32(6):451-478.

Isaachsohn JL, Moser M, Stein EA, et al. Garlic powder and plasma lipids and lipoproteins: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998;158(11):1189-1194.

Islam MS, Choi H. Comparative Effects of Dietary Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Garlic (Allium sativum) Investigated in a Type 2 Diabetes Model of Rats. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2008;11(1):152-159.

Izzo AA, Di Carlo G, Borrelli F, Ernst E. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and herbal medicines: the risk of drug interaction. International Journal of Cardiology. 2005;98(1):1-14.

Izzo AA, Ernst E. Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: a systematic review. Drugs. 2001;61(15):2163-2175.

Jabbari A, Argani H, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Mahdavi R. Comparison between swallowing and chewing of garlic on levels of serum lipids, cyclosporine, creatinine and lipid peroxidation in renal transplant recipients. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2005. May 19;4:11.

Jain AK, Vargas R, Gotzkowsky S, McMahon FG. Can garlic reduce levels of serum lipids? A controlled clinical study. American Journal of Medicine. 1993;94(6):632-635.

Jalal R, Bagheri SM, Moghimi A, Rasuli MB. Hypoglycemic effect of aqueous shallot and garlic extracts in rats with fructose-induced insulin resistance. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition. 2007;41(3):218-223.

Jappe U, Bonnekoh B, Hausen BM, Gollnick H. Garlic-related dermatoses: case report and review of the literature. American Journal of Contact Dermatology. 1999;10(1):37-39.

Jellin JM, Gregory P, Batz F, Hitchens K, et al, eds. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 3rd Edition. Stockton CA: Therapeutic Research Facility, 2000.

Jelodar GA, Maleki M, Motadayen MH, Sirus S. Effect of fenugreek, onion and garlic on blood glucose and histopathology of pancreas of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Medical Science. 2005;59(2):64-69.

Kao SH, Hsu CH, Su SN, et al. Identification and immunologic characterization of an allergen, alliin lyase, from garlic (Allium sativum). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004;113(1):161-168.

Kasuga S, Uda N, Kyo E, Ushijima M, Morihara N, Itakura Y. Pharmacologic activities of aged garlic extract in comparison with other garlic preparations. Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131(Suppl 3):1080S-1084S.

Kaur P, Singh R. In vivo interactive effect of garlic oil and vitamin E against stavudine induced genotoxicity in Mus musculus. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 2007;45(9):807-811.

Kendler BS. Garlic (Allium sativa) and onion (Allium cepa): a review of their relationship to cardiovascular disease. Preventive Medicine. 1987;16(5):670-685.

Khosla P, Karan RS, Bhargava VK. Effect of garlic oil on ethanol induced gastric ulcers in rats. Phytotherapy Research. 2004;18(1):87-91.

Kleijen J, Knipschild P, ter Rait G. Garlic, onions and cardiovascular risk factors. A review of the evidence from human experiments with emphasis on commercially available preparations. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989;28(5):535-544.

Knox J, Gaster B. Dietary supplements for the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2007;13(1):83-95.

Kojuri J, Vosoughi AR, Akrami M. Effects of anethum graveolens and garlic on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2007;6:5.

Koscielny J, Klussendorf D, Latza R, et al. The antiatherosclerotic effect of Allium sativum. Atherosclerosis. 2000;150(2):437-438.

Kyo E, Uda N, Kasuga S, Itakura Y. Immonumodulatory effects of aged garlic extract. Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131(Suppl 3):1075S-1079S.

Lachter J, Babich JP, Brookman JC, Factor AY. Garlic: a way out of work. Military Medicine. 2003;168(6):499-500.Lamm DL, Riggs DR. Enhanced immunocompetence by garlic: role in bladder cancer and other malignancies. Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131(Suppl 3):1067S-1070S.

Lamm DL, Riggs DR. The potential application of Allium sativum (garlic) for the treatment of bladder cancer. Urology Clinics of North America. 2000;27(1):157-162.

Lau BH. Suppression of LDL oxidation by garlic compounds is a possible mechanism of cardiovascular health benefit. Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(3 Suppl):765S-768S.

Ledezma E, DeSousa L, Jorquera A, et al. Efficacy of ajoene, an organosulphur derived from garlic, in the short-term therapy of tinea pedis. Mycoses. 1996;39(9-10):393-395.

Ledezma E, Lopez JC, Marin P, et al. Ajoene in the topical short-term treatment of tinea cruris and tinea corporis in humans. Randomized comparative study with terbinafine. Arzneimittelforschung. 1999;49(6):544-547.

Ledezma E, Marcano K, Jorquera A, et al. Efficacy of ajoene in the treatment of tinea pedis: a double-blind and comparative study with terbinafine. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000;43(5 Pt 1):829-832.

Lemiere C, Cartier A, Lehrer SB, Malo JL. Occupational asthma caused by aromatic herbs. Allergy. 1996;51(9):647-649.

Liu CT, Sheen LY, Lii CK. Does garlic have a role as an antidiabetic agent? Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 2007;51(11):1353-1364.

Liu ZF, Fang F, Dong YS, Li G, Zhen H. Experimental study on the prevention and treatment of murine cytomegalovirus hepatitis by using allitridin. Antiviral Research. 2004;61(2):125-128.

Liu CT, Wong PL, Lii CK, Hse H, Sheen LY. Antidiabetic effect of garlic oil but not diallyl disulfide in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Food Chemistry and Toxicology. 2006;44(8):1377-1384.

Lohani M, Yadav S, Schiffmann D, Rahman Q. Diallylsulfide attenuates asbestos-induced genotoxicity. Toxicology Letter. 2003;143(1):45-50.

Luley C, Lehmann-Leo W, Moller B, Martin T, Schwartzkopff W. Lack of efficacy of dried garlic in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Arzneimittelforschung. 1986;36(4):766-768.

Macan H, Uykimpang R, Alconcel M, et al. Aged garlic extract may be safe for patients on warfarin therapy. Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(3 Suppl):793S-795S.

Mader FH. Treatment of hyperlipidaemia [sic] with garlic-powder tablets. Evidence from the German Association of General Practitioners' multicentric placebo-controlled double-blind study. Arzneimittelforschung. 1990;40(10):1111-1116.

Maldonado PD, Barrera D, Medina-Campos ON, Hernandez-Pando R, Ibarra-Rubio ME, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Aged garlic extract attenuates gentamicin induced renal damage and oxidative stress in rats. Life Sciences. 2003;73(20):2543-2556.

Maldonado PD, Chanez-Cardenas ME, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Aged garlic extract, garlic powder extract, S-allylcysteine, diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide do not interfere with the antibiotic activity of gentamicin. Phytotherapy Research. 2005;19(3):252-254.

Malekzadeh F, Rose C, Ingvar C, Jernstrom H. Natural remedies and hormone preparations--potential risk for breast cancer patients. A study surveys the use of agents which possibly counteract with the treatment. [Article in Swedish] Lakartidningen. 2005;102(44):3226-3228 and 3230-3231.

Mansoor GA. Herbs and alternative therapies in the hypertension clinic. American Journal of Hypertension. 2001;14(9 Pt 1):971-975.

Markowitz JS, Devane CL, Chavin KD, Taylor RM, Ruan Y, Donovan JL. Effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) supplementation on cytochrome P450 2D6 and 3A4 activity in healthy volunteers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2003;74(2):170-177.

Matsuura H. Saponins in garlic as modifiers of the risk of cardiovascular disease. Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131(Suppl 3):1000S-1005S.

Matsuura N, Miyamae Y, Yamane K, et al. Aged garlic extract inhibits angiogenesis and proliferation of colorectal carcinoma cells. Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(3 Suppl):842S-846S.

McCrindle BW, Helden E, Conner WT. Garlic extract therapy in children with hypercholesterolemia. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine. 1998;152(11):1089-1094.

McNulty CA, Wilson MP, Havinga W, Johnston B, O'Gara EA, Maslin DJ. A pilot study to determine the effectiveness of garlic oil capsules in the treatment of dyspeptic patients with Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter. 2001;6(3):249-253.

Mennella JA, Johnson A, Beauchamp GK. Garlic ingestion by pregnant women alters the odor of amniotic fluid. Chemistry and the Senses. 1995;20(2):207-209.

Mills E, Montori V, Perri D, Phillips E, Koren G. Natural health product-HIV drug interactions: a systematic review. International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2005;16(3):181-186.

Milner JA. Preclinical perspectives on garlic and cancer. Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(3 Suppl):827S-831S.

Miron T, Mironchik M, Mirelman D, Wilchek M, Rabinkov A. Inhibition of tumor growth by a novel approach: in situ allicin generation using targeted alliinase delivery. Molecular Cancer Therapy. 2003;2(12):1295-1301.

Miron T, Wilchek M, Sharp A, et al. Allicin inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway in HL60 and U937 cells. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. Epublished ahead of print. December 20, 2007.

Modak M, Dixit P, Londhe J, Ghaskadbi S, Paul A Devasagayam T. Indian herbs and herbal drugs used for the treatment of diabetes. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition. 2007 ;40(3):163-173.

Morcos NC, Camilo K. Acute and chronic toxicity study of fish oil and garlic combination. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 2001;71(5):306-312.

Morelli V, Zoorob RJ. Alternative therapies: Part II. Congestive heart failure and hypercholesterolemia. American Family Physician. 2000;62(6):1325-1330.

Morihara N, Nishihama T, Ushijima M, Ide N, Takeda H, Hayama M. Garlic as an anti-fatigue agent. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 2007;51(11):1329-1334.

Morihara N, Sumioka I, Ide N, Moriguchi T, Uda N, Kyo E. Aged garlic extract maintains cardiovascular homeostasis in mice and rats. Journal of Nutrition. 2006;136(3 Suppl):777S-781S.

Mousa AS, Mousa SA. Anti-angiogenesis efficacy of the garlic ingredient alliin and antioxidants: role of nitric oxide and p53. Nutrition and Cancer. 2005;53(1):104-110.

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Last Revised April 11, 2008

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Note: The above information is not intended to replace the advice of your physician, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional. It is not meant to indicate that the use of the product is safe, appropriate, or effective for you.

In general, herbal products are not subject to review or approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They are not required to be standardized, meaning that the amounts of active ingredients or contaminants they contain may vary between brands or between different batches of the same brand. Not all of the risks, side effects, or interactions associated with the use of herbal products are known because few reliable studies of their use in humans have been done.

This information is provided for your education only. Please share this information with your healthcare provider and be sure that you talk to your doctor and pharmacist about all the prescription and non-prescription medicines you take before you begin to use any herbal product.

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